The link between stress and depression has been widely investigated throughout scientific research for centuries, where multiple converging factors related to stress have been associated with inducing depressive symptoms and vice versa. These factors include the dysregulation of the HPA axis, (neuroplasticity) neurotrophic factors, immune system and inflammatory processes. Role of HPA axis: The …
Author Archives: kaniawdilzer
The main applications of Synthetic Biology in biotechnology
Synthetic biology is the convergence of advances in chemistry, biology, computer science, and engineering that enables us to go from idea to product faster, cheaper, and with greater precision than ever before. A community of experts across many disciplines is coming together to create these new foundations for many industries, including medicine, energy and the …
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Anti-Microbial Agents in the Treatment of Bacterial diseases
Microbes, collectively, include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Antimicrobial drugs, such as antibiotics, have been successfully used to treat patients with bacterial and infectious diseases. Antibiotics may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses such as the common cold or influenza. Cephalosporin antibiotics: Cephalosporin’s are a group …
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Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary heart disease occurs when there is a decrease in blood supply to the heart muscles due to narrowing and obstruction of the coronary arteries. This leads to myocardial ischemia, the lack of oxygen to the heart. Furthermore, it leads to a high demand for o2 due to myocardial hypertrophy due to hypertension. This …
The Nine Hallmarks of Aging
There are 9 hallmarks of ageing; genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient-sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion and altered intercellular communication. Genomic instability and telomere attrition are hallmarks of ageing. Endogenous or exogenous agents can stimulate a variety of DNA lesions that are schematically represented on a …
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells. HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through a number of mechanisms, including pyroptosis of abortively infected T cells, apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells, direct viral killing …
Asthma: Causes and Pathological Consequences
Asthma is a long-term pulmonary condition, characterized by inflammation of the lower airways and episodes of airflow obstruction. Asthma severity ranges from intermittent mild symptoms, such as coughs and wheezing, to severe, life-threatening attacks that require immediate hospital treatment. Obstruction of the airway in asthma is generally considered reversible, meaning that the obstruction of the …
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The Effects of Excess Alcohol Intake on the Liver
The liver is the largest organ in the body. It has many functions such as the role of metabolising carbohydrates, protein, and the fat delivered through portal circulation. They are also in charge of synthesis of plasma proteins and clotting factors. In addition, the liver stores vitamin B12and has the role of detoxification and excretion. …
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Pathophysiology of the tumours development in the urinary tract
Benign tumours are rare in the urinary system, most tend to be malignant. These can occur at any point of the urinary system, obstructing urine flow and impairing renal failure. These can be further categorised into malignant renal tumours and urothelial tumours. Malignant renal tumours comprise 1-2% of all malignant tumours. One example is …
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Tumours development in the Reproductive system
Breast cancer Breast cancer is the uncontrolled growth of epithelial cells lining ducts and lobules of the breast and is the most common cancer among non-smoking women. The main risk factors of breast cancer are a family history of breast cancer as well as mutations in the BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 genes, diet, exogenous …
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Pharma and Biotech Advances 